Traditional ecological knowledge for climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction in Fiji

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Introduction

Traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) exists in all parts of the world in some way, shape or form, either in written format or passed orally through stories or teachings. It is a fundamental part of the iTaukei people—the Indigenous People of Fiji—and their culture and traditions.

With limited resources and technology access, Fiji faces multiple challenges when it comes to its ability to adapt to climate change. TEK presents an opportunity and could play a significant role in adaptation and DRR strategies by leveraging its accumulated knowledge, unique insight, and sustainable practices.

As part of the CAPA Initiative, this report examines the relationship between TEK and the adaptive capacity of vulnerable communities in Fiji, as well as how TEK assists in climate change adaptation and DRR. It is based on the ongoing work of the Fiji Government and hopes to contribute toward its efforts to preserve iTaukei customs and traditions, with a focus on highlighting how TEK can act as a useful indicator of natural disasters for DRR and climate change adaptation in a warming world.

Fiji national context

Fiji, an archipelago of over 300 islands in the South Pacific, is highly vulnerable to climate impacts due to its geographical, ecological, and socio-economic characteristics. The country faces a unique combination of environmental risks including tropical cyclones, flooding, and coastal erosion. These pressures are compounded by high population densities in coastal areas and a reliance on natural resources for livelihoods.

The Fiji government has placed significant emphasis on the implementation of adaptation projects, guided by its National Adaptation Plan (NAP) since its publication in 2018. Fiji’s NAP is the overarching framework that strategically guides the government and other stakeholders to address the medium- and long-term needs of the country associated with climate change. It outlines 160 adaptation measures across 10 priority sectors to strengthen the country’s resilience to climate change. It was among the first NAP documents submitted to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and is currently under review by the Fiji Ministry of Environment and Climate Change. Further, in 2021, Fiji’s parliament adopted the National Climate Change Act, which provides a legal framework for the country’s response to climate change.

Disaster risk reduction (DRR) projects or activities in Fiji are led and/or overseen by the Fiji National Disaster Management Office, guided by the National Disaster Risk Reduction Policy (2018–2030). This policy is one among very few that acknowledges the role of TEK in DRR, stating that “addressing DRR requires a multi-hazard approach and risk-informed decision-making process that is complemented by traditional knowledge.”

Traditional Ecological Knowledge for adaptation and DRR

Fijian TEK encompasses environmental observation, seasonal calendars, traditional farming and fishing techniques, and spiritual-cultural practices tied to nature. Communities have long used TEK to interpret environmental signs, manage resources sustainably, and prepare for climatic variability. This knowledge is deeply embedded in local culture and often communicated through oral traditions, storytelling, and communal activities.

TEK plays a significant role in climate adaptation by offering time-tested strategies for managing and mitigating the impacts of natural disasters, especially in highly vulnerable ecosystems such as island communities. Examples of TEK interventions for adaptation:

• Coastal management: Coastal management via the use of traditional construction techniques and the use of natural barriers such as salt-water-resistant trees that protect against coastal inundation and tidal surges. These practices help protect the communities from sea level rise and increased storm intensity.
• Seasonal indicators and weather forecasting: Animal behaviour and plant flowering times have been used as seasonal indicators and for weather forecasting; the flowering of plants, such as breadfruit and plantains, and the behaviour of animals, such as birds and fish, are taken as signs of impending cyclones in Fiji. The ability to predict weather patterns allows communities to prepare for extreme weather events, increasing their resilience and reducing vulnerability.
• Traditional agricultural practices: Traditional agricultural practices have allowed communities to survive even during droughts and floods. Diversifying crops, selecting species that are more resistant to climatic extremes and being able to identify the best soil types to plant in have resulted in sustainable harvests for communities during harsh seasons. These practices help improve ecosystem health and enhance agricultural resilience by maintaining agrobiodiversity and ensuring that climate-resistant crops and seasonal crops are planted at specific times of the year.
• Observe changes in weather patterns: Changes in weather patterns (extremely hot days) and celestial activity (rings around the moon) are also anomalies that have been observed and determined to be precursors of extreme weather events. These natural early warning systems continue to help communities in rural parts of Fiji, which have minimum communication resources (radio, TV, etc.), increasing early warning in these communities.

TEK also plays a significant role in DRR in Fiji. TEK has been pivotal in community-led responses to disasters, for example:

• Storm and flood prediction: TEK in Fiji supports early warning systems by using environmental indicators—such as animal behaviour and cloud formations—to predict storms and floods. Communities also use natural barriers, stilt housing, and strategic evacuations to reduce storm-related risks.
• Food preparation and preservation methods: In the absence of electricity and water during cyclones, Fijian communities use traditional methods like davu, vesa, and kitu to preserve food and water, ensuring food security and resilience during disasters.
• DRR (slow-onset hazards): Communities have been able to determine slow-onset hazards, such as droughts, by observing seasonal changes and lunar cycles. Adaptations include rainwater harvesting, drought-resilient crop practices, and the use of natural reservoirs and bamboo water transport systems.
• Wildfire prevention: While wildfires are less common in Fiji, Indigenous practices like controlled burning, firebreaks, and sustainable forestry help prevent and manage fire risks, particularly during extended droughts.
• Landslide risk reduction: To mitigate landslides, Fijian communities use deep-rooted vegetation, flexible construction materials, and strategic relocation to stable ground, complementing government efforts like planting vetiver grass on vulnerable slopes.

However, TEK faces threats from modernization, loss of intergenerational transmission, and limited recognition in formal climate policy. Preserving and revitalizing TEK is therefore critical, not only as a cultural heritage, but as a practical tool for climate resilience.

Traditional early warning systems

Fijian communities have developed nuanced early warning systems based on environmental cues and long-term observational knowledge. Indicators such as the behavior of birds and insects, the presence or absence of specific flowering plants, and the clarity or turbidity of seawater have been historically used to anticipate storms, droughts, or seasonal shifts.

These traditional early warning systems (TEWS) have enabled timely preparation and evacuation, reducing disaster impacts. Although less precise than modern meteorological tools, TEWS are locally trusted and can fill gaps where formal systems are absent or delayed. The report emphasizes the potential for hybrid approaches — combining TEWS with scientific forecasts — to enhance community-level DRR.

Case studies from villages like Daku and Vusama demonstrate how TEK-based indicators remain in active use and are increasingly being validated and integrated into disaster preparedness planning.

Looking ahead

iTaukei spirituality recognizes the importance of balance between seen and unseen forces. In this worldview, cultural practices like traditional oratory help maintain harmony and resilience, especially during major changes such as relocation.

To preserve and strengthen TEK, the Ministry of iTaukei Affairs—through its iTaukei Institute of Language and Culture—is leading a nationwide effort to revitalize cultural knowledge and practices. This includes workshops, translations, and information sharing focused on climate adaptation, food security, traditional governance, performing arts, and fishing methods. Partnerships span multiple ministries, NGOs, and community groups.

In addition to policy and training, TEK conservation is supported by the Cultural Mapping Programme, which documents oral traditions and customs. Tourism and cultural centers (e.g. the Arts Village) also contribute by offering hands-on heritage experiences. Fijian universities are playing a critical role in research and funding to safeguard TEK as a vital tool for climate adaptation and disaster risk reduction.

Suggested citation

Ali, I., Tikoitoga, M., Kocovanua, T. F., & Qi, J. (2025). Traditional ecological knowledge for climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction in Fiji. International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), and World Wildlife Fund (WWF).